In this world, the 20th century won't be monopolized by the west. Instead, three superpower will emerge as the leading nations of the world, each representing their respective 'cultural spheres'. They are consisted of two resurgent centuries-old empires of Ottoman Caliphate and China that have successfully withstood the pressure of European colonial domination over the globe during the golden years of Europe, and a younger Europe-descended republic that will become the leader of the west after Europeans have lost prominence.
In this world, Ottoman and Chinese empires certainly have had better luck. In 1876, Ottoman's veteran minister of war that in RL, Husseyin Avni Pasha. was killed by an assassin, ex courtier of the recently deposed Sultan. This loss in RL costed a freshly reformed military of the empire, a single, uniformly respected leading figure, which presence in the upcoming war with Russia the next year would've led its course to Ottoman favor. In RL he was succeeded by an 80 years old Pasha which served pretty much as a furniture. Ottomans military was better modernized at that time, with better equipments and doctrines. Russians however, prevailed in unity of command, which payed off, since with the absence of Husseyin, the rivalring generals of Ottomans all acted on their own and eventually allowed Russians victory over them, rendering their empire almost destroyed.
Here it doesn't happen with Husseyin survived the assasination, and under his command, Ottomans manage to fend off Russian invasion, saving them from all the devastation and the large addition of debt they suffered post war in RL. It will be a very different Ottoman Empire from the one we usually think of it as...
As for China, basically they skipped the warlords period after Xinhai Revolution. In this world, instead of choosing Yuan Shikai as president, Sun Yat Sen instead choose
Kang Youwei, a prominent figure in
Hundred Days Reform. He was much, much better then Yuan Shikai in both competency and personality. Still however, being part of the old establishment, and more importantly, a firm Confucian monarchist, the motion of Republic is simply unconvincing to him, so in the end he restored the empire as Yuan Shikai did in RL. This empire under him however, will be an imminently lasting one....
America is the least changed of the superpowers, since they can defend all their assets with being sandwiched between two oceans and a western country, so all they need is simply to grow. It's just that in this world, they'll have much smaller room to hegemonize around. Still, they'll be globally prominent
That map depicts the world in year 1936, during Interwar period. In this world, Russia as the defeated side, denied from the Balkans would have better relations with Germany and Austria-Hungary, realizing the idea for
Dreikaiserbund alliance. They will still lose to the allies anyway in the First Great War, and Russia will end up worse then in our world, as you can see in that map, being reduced a rump remnant after losing Siberia (which have become the refuge for Tsarist), Caucasus and Central Asia (both were taken over by the Ottomans, with the later being made into something a kind to a dominion.). Without Communism, there is no Stalin to brutally industrialize Russia. Besides, they have lost a lot of resources along with their empire anyway. But they will remain a key regional player in eastern Europe.
Germany ends up rather better then in RL, thanks to better strategic situation provided by alliance with Russia. There is also no Wilsonite motion of nation-states (the absence of Bulgaria have caused ethnic nationalism a setback), so they didn't lose Posen and the corridor to Poland in this world. This prevented the development of the anti-Slavic ideology espoused by Nazi Germany in the RL. However, they will still fall into some kind of a fascism anyway, but more of an anti-oriental (primarily the muslims) pan-European type rather then conquering everything type. Less racist and genocidal as well, but as revanchist and militaristic as RL's Nazy ideology. And they will still ally with Japan in this world.
Ottomans, being one of the victors of the Great War, was increasingly becoming an assertive global player. This Ottoman Empire didn't lose the Tanzimat army, navy, and the growing industry in the Balkans to the war in 1878, ended up many times stronger then RL's post 1878 empire. Which is why they own a large swath of Africa. In RL, they were actually invited by the British to intervene in Egypt to deal with the Mahdi revolt and stabilize the country, but they refused, because they were just gravely wounded from the recent war with Russia. Here, they would have the capability to fulfill the invitation and reoccupy Egypt (which by that time was nominally Ottoman vassal anyway) and its African empire in Sudan and African Red Sea coasts. From there, they will then expand westward as far as possible to create a buffer zone to limit European colonialism. If anyone wonders why they could've possibly absorbed such a large blob of territory, it's because it mainly consists of sparsely-to-non populated dessert.
Their navy at 1870s was the third largest in the world. It will soon be rendered obsolete until they'll be able to develop their own military industry. However, it should be more then enough to deal with countries weaker then the main colonial powers such as Britain and France, like for example, the Dutch.
The Dutch had worse luck in this world with an Ottoman navy to fear, since at the last decades of 19th century they were at war with Aceh, formally a vassal of Ottoman Empire. They appealed to Ottomans to help them facing Dutch invasion, and initial failure to meet that demand actually costed an Ottoman Sultan his throne in 1876. In RL, after 1878 they lost the financial capability to upkeep their navy, which then rotted. However, with that not being the case, all Ottomans need to do was to wait for the right chance to intervene, and it came near the end of 19th century, when they were finally able to save Aceh from Dutch conquest. It will then become Ottoman base in the region, later enabling the Indonesians and Malaysians much earlier independence a decade after the Great War, united under the Dominion of Nusantara.
China, skipping its warlords period, will become a tougher opponent for Japan to later war with. Not only that, the presence of Nusantara in the south, as the trophy of victory for Pan-Islamism, will strain their war effort more then OTL. Since muslim world in this world is in better shape and still retain the Caliphate, they will have no chance of courting popular Islamism as they did in RL. All of that will render the turning point of the war faster then our world's Pacific War